Essay about The Solution to Texting and Driving - 1145 Words

Across the globe family and friends are losing their loved ones to fatal texting and driving accidents. These days, many strive to be connected with the world and their friends by using mobile devices. The problem is that numerous people tend to do so at bad times. For example, while one is driving, it is common to look down at the cell phone to send a short text message that could put their lives in harm. Across the nation, numerous advertising and support groups are spreading the word to encourage society to put phones down and focus on driving instead of texting. However, it really hasn’t stopped. There needs to be a significant change and with the way technology is advancing, there is an immediate, attainable action that can be†¦show more content†¦Cell phones are very helpful technological devices as long as they are not used as distractions in the car. Therefore, they should be used to drivers’ advantage. How often does someone hear a person, especially a teenager, say that they lost their cell phone compared to his or hers car keys? Based off past experiences, car keys are lost more often than a cell phone. With technological advancement, the cell phone will become the new car key in order to prevent texting and driving. By having the cell phone become the car key, it will disable the phone so there is no texting, no calling and no surfing the web allowed while the car is in motion. However, one will still be able to make phone calls by talking into the car in a bluetooth fashion, without actually looking down at the cell phone. Some of the newer cars already have that feature, but once the cell phone car key is installed, that feature will be made available in every car. By disabling the texting, calling, and internet features, it will be nearly impossible to text and drive while the car is in motion, which will enforce the law in an effective manner. Since the phone is practically unavailable for use, the driver’s focus will be the road and only the road. Now, how would this all work out? Well, cars being made from now on will have the new car starter installed in that vehicle, removing the standard key slot. Along withShow MoreRelatedTexting While Driving And Driving993 Words   |  4 PagesTexting while Driving â€Å"Text messaging †¦ had the longest duration of eyes-off-road time of 4.6 seconds at a six second interval. This equates to a driver traveling the length of a football field at 55 miles per hour without looking at the roadway.† This statement was made by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute when they did a texting while driving study (â€Å"Skip Menu†). Texting while driving has become a large problem in the United States and it is growing. There are about 1,600,000 accidentsRead MoreThe Dangers Of Texting While Driving1252 Words   |  6 Pagesof driving. 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Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography Free Essays

Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 DESIGN OF A NEW SECURITY PROTOCOL USING HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHY ALGORITHMS S. Subasree and N. K. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sakthivel School of Computing, Sastra University, Thanjavur – 613401, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. ABSTRACT A Computer Network is an interconnected group of autono mous computing nodes, which use a well defined, mutually agreed set of rules and conventions known as protocols, interact with one -another meaningfully and allow resource sharing preferably in a predictable and controllable manner. Communication has a majo r impact on today? s business. It is desired to communicate data with high security. Security Attacks compromises the security and hence various Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms have been proposed to achieve the security services such as Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity, Non-Repudiation and Availability. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on controlled networks. These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity. To improve the strength of these security algorithms, a new security protocol for on line transaction can be designed using combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. This protocol provides three cryptographic pr imitives such as integrity, confidentiality and authentication. These three primitives can be achieved with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual -RSA algorithm and Message Digest MD5. That is it uses Elliptic Curve Cryptography for encryption, Dual -RSA algorithm for authentication and MD-5 for integrity. This new security protocol has been designed for better security with integrity using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Keywords: Network Security, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual-RSA, Message Digest-5. 1. INTRODUCTION Curiosity is one of the most common human traits, matched by the wish to conceal private information. Spies and the military all resort to information hiding to pass messages securely, sometimes deliberately including misleading information [12]. Steganography, a mechanism for hiding information in apparently innocent pictures, may be used on its own or with other methods. Encryption fundamentally consists of scrambling a message so that its contents are not readily accessible while decryption is the reversing of that process[14]. These processes depend on particular algorithms, known as ciphers. Suitably scrambled text is known as cipher text while the original is, not surprising ly, plain text. Readability is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for something to be plain text. The original might well not make any obvious sense when read, as would be the case, for example, if something already encrypted were being further encrypted. It’s also quite possible to construct a mechanism whose output is readable text but which actually bears no relationship to the unencrypted original. A key is used in conjunction with a cipher to encrypt or decrypt text. The key might appear meaningful, as would be the case with a character string used as a password, but this transformation is irrelevant, the functionality of a key lies in its being a string of bits determining the mapping of the plain text to the cipher text. 1. 1 Why we need cryptography? Protecting access to information for reasons of security is still a major reason for using cryptography. However, it’s also increasingly used for identification of individuals, for authentication and for non -repudiation. This is particularly important with the growth of the Internet, global trading and other activities[12]. The identity of e -mail and Web users is trivially easy to conceal or to forge, and secure authentication can give those interacting remotely confidence that they’re dealing with the right person and that a message hasn’t been forged or changed. In commercial situations, non-repudiation [12] is an important concept ensuring that if, say, a contract has been agreed upon one party can’t then renege by claiming that they didn’t actually agree or did so at some different time when, perhaps, a price was higher or lower. Digital signatures and digital timestamps are used in such situations, often in conjunction with other mechanisms such as message digests and digital certificates. 95 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 The range of uses for cryptography and related techniques is considerable and growing steadily. Passwords are common but the protection they offer is often illusory, perhaps because security policies within many organizations aren’t well thought out and their use causes more problems and inconvenience than seems worth it[14,15]. In many cases where passwords are used, for example in protecting word processed documents, the ciphers used are extremely lightweight and can be attacked without difficulty using one of a range of freely available cracking programs. 2. TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 2. 1. Elliptic Curve Encryption When using elliptic curves in cryptography[11], we use various properties of the points on the curve , and functions on them as well. Thus, one common task to complete when using elliptic curves as an encryption tool is to find a way to turn information m into a point P on a curve E. We assume the information m is already written as a number. There are many ways to do this, as simple as setting the letters a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, . . . or there are other methods, such as ASCII, which accomplish the same task. Now, if we have E : y2 = x3 + Ax + B (mod p), a curve in Weierstrass form, we want to let m = x. But, this will only work if m3 + Am + B is a square modulo p. Since only half of the numbers modulo p are squares, we only have about a 50% chance of this occurring. Thus, we will try to embed the information m into a value that is a square. Pick some K such that 1/2K is an acceptable failure rate for embedding the information into a point on the curve. Also, make sure that (m + 1)K ; p. Let xj = mK + j for j = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,K ? 1 Compute x 3j + Axj + B. Calculate its square root yj (mod p), if possible. If there is a square root, we let our point on E representing m be P m = (xj , yj) If there is no square root, try the next value of j[4,5]. So, for each value of j we have a probability of about 1/2 that xj is a square modulo p. Thus, the probability that no xj is a square is about 1/2K, which was the acceptable failure rate[6]. In most common applications, there are many real-life problems that may occur to damage an attempt at sending a message, like computer or electricity failure. Since people accept a certain 16 amount of failure due to uncontrollable phenomenon, it makes sense that they could agree on an acceptable rate of failure for a controllable feature of the process. Though we will not use this specific process in our algorithms[10]. 2. 2. Dual RSA In practice, the RSA decryption computations are performed in p and q and then combined via the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) to obtain the desired solution in ? N, instead of directly computing the exponentiation in ? N. This decreases the computational costs of decryption In two ways. First, computations in ? p and ? q are more efficient than the same computations in ? N since the elements are much smaller. Second, from Lagrange? s Theorem, we can replace the private exponent d with dp = d mod (p – 1) for the computation in ? p and with dq = d mod (q – 1) for the computation in ? p, which reduce the cost for each exponentiation when d is larger than the primes. It is common to refer to dp and dq as the CRT -exponents. The first method to use the CRT for decryption was proposed by Quisquater and Couvreur [7,8]. Since the method requires knowledge of p and q, the key generation algorithm needs to be modified to output the private key (d, p, q) instead of (d,N). Given the pri vate key (d, p,q) and a valid ciphertext C ? ? N, the CRTdecryption algorithm is as follows: 1) Compute Cp = Cdp mod p. 2) Compute Cq = Cdq mod q. 3) Compute M0 = (Cq – Cp) . p-1 mod q. 4) Compute the plaintext M = Cp + M0 . p. This version of CRT-decryption is simply Garner? s Algorithm for the Chinese Remainder Theorem applied to RSA. If the key generation algorithm is further modified to output the private key (dp, dq, p, q, p -1 mod q), the computational cost of CRT-decryption is dominated by the modular exponentiations in steps 1) and 2) of the algorithm. When the primes p and q are roughly the same size (i. e. , half the size of the modulus), the computational cost for decryption using CRT -decryption (without parallelism) is theoretically 1/4 the cost for decryption using the original method[7]. Using RSA-Small-e along with CRT-decryption allows for extremely fast encryption and decryption that is at most four times faster than standard RSA. 96 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol 2. 3 MD5 Algorithm MD5[2] consists of 64 of these operations, grouped in four rounds of 16 operations. F is a nonlinear function; one function is used in each round. Mi denotes a 32 -bit block of the message input, and Ki denotes a 32 -bit constant, different for each operation. s is a shift value, which also varies for each operation[1]. MD5 processes a variable length message into a fixed -length output of 128 bits. The input message is broken up into chunks of 512-bit blocks; the message is padded so that its length is divisible by 512. The padding works as follows: first a single bit, 1, is appended to the end of the message. This is followed by as many zeros as are required to bring the length of the message up to 64 bits less than a multiple of 512. The re maining bits are filled up with a 64-bit integer representing the length of the original message[9]. The main MD5 algorithm operates on a 128 -bit state, divided into four 32-bit words, denoted A, B, C and D. These are initialized to certain fixed constants. The main algorithm then operates on each 512 -bit message block in turn, each block modifying the state. The processing of a message block consists of four similar stages, termed rounds; each round is composed of 16 similar operations based on a non -linear function F, modular addition, and left rotation. Many message digest functions have been proposed and are in use today. Here are just a few like HMAC, MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA, SHA-1. Here, we concentrate on MD5, one of the widely used digest functions. 3. HYBRID SECURITY PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE It is desired to communicate data with high security. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on controlled networks. These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity. This new security protocol has been designed for better security using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Figure 1 : Hybrid Protocol Architecture As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve both the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. The above discussed three primitives can be achieved with the help of this Security Protocol Architecture. The Architecture is as shown in the Figure 1. As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve bo th the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. 97 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 The new Security Protocol has been designed for better security. It is a combination of both the Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptographic Techniques. It provides the Cryptographic Primitives such as Integrity, Confidentiality and Authentication. The given plain text can be encrypted with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, ECC and the derived cipher text can be communicated to the destination through any secured channel. Simultaneously, the Hash value is calculated through MD5 for the same plain text, which already has been converted into the cipher text by ECC. This Hash value has been encrypted with Dual RSA and the encrypted message of this Hash value also sent to destination. The intruders may try to hack the original information from the encrypted messages. He may be trapped both the encrypted messages of plain text and the hash value and he will try to decrypt these messages to get original one. He might be get the hash value and it is impossible to extract the plain text from the cipher text, because, the hash value is encrypted with Dual RSA and the plain text is encrypted with ECC. Hence, the message can be communicated to the destination with highly secured manner. The new hash value is calculated with MD5 for the received originals messages and then it is compared with decrypted hash message for its integrity. By which, we can ensure that either the origi nal text being altered or not in the communication medium. This is the primitive feature of this hybrid protocol. 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 4. 1 Comparison of RSA and Dual RSA 1) The Public Key Algorithms, RSA and Dual-RSA have been implemented in VC++ and we got the following results. As shown in the Figure 2, the original message for communication is stored in MyFile. txt and its size is 547 Bytes, which is shown in the report file. Figure 2 : Input File MyFile. txt Figure 3 shows that the project main menu, which consists of various features. They are i. RSA Encryption, ii. RSA Decryption, iii. Dual RSA Encryption, iv. Dual RSA Decryption, and v. Graph, which is used to compare the computational costs of both the RSA and Dual -RSA Figure 4 shows that RSA Encryption and Figure 5 shows that Dual RSA encryption. From the figure 6 it is clear that the RSA take one block at a time for encryption and decryption at a time. But the dual RSA take more time for encryption of two block at a time, but it take less time for decryption of two blocks. So, the RSA encryption and decryption time is greater than Dual RSA because Dual RSA perform the encryption and decryption operation for two blocks. 8 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 3 : Process of RSA and Dual RSA Encryption/Decryption Figure 4 : RSA Encryption 99 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 5 : Dual – RSA Encryption 5. 2 Performance analysis of RSA and Dual RSA Figure 6 : RSA vs Dual RSA 10 0 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 7 : Computational costs of RSA vs Dual RSA Figure 6 shows that the Perfor mance Analysis of RSA vs Dual RSA. From this figure, it is clear that the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual -RSA is less than that of ordinary RSA. From the Figure 7, it is observed that the total computation time for Encrypt ion and Decryption of RSA is 4314ms as compared with the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual – RSA is 3203ms for the file size 547 Bytes. From the analysis it is clear that Dual RSA is better than RSA algorithm. So, for authentic ation we are going to use Dual RSA. Dual RSA take two block for encryption and decryption simultaneously. . 3 Results of Hybrid protocol Architecture Here, we are using three different mode of operation. The sender, Receiver and Intruder. We have t o select the mode and process the information. The following figure represent the three different mode. Figure 8 : Mode selection If the mode is the sender, then we have to provide the key val ue and messages in the specified location. Figure 9 : Sender Mode 101 Subasr ee Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 10 shows that the Receiver received the sender message with the key. From the figure, it is noted that, the intruder also received the key and not the message. Because, the message is encrypted with ECC and key is encrypted by using Dual RSA. And also noted that, the intruder derived different key for decryption, which is equivalent to the original key. Even though the intruder got the key he cannot able to get the orig inal message because of Dual RSA. Because of Dual RSA we got two advantages one is the message cannot be decrypted and time required to perform the encryption and decryption operation less compare to RSA because Dual RSA perform encryption and decryption by two block at a time. The new Public Key Cryptographic algorithm, Dual – RSA has been developed for better performance in terms of computation costs and memory storage requirements. It is also called RSA -CRT, because it is used Chinese Remainder Theorem, CRT for its Decryption. From the output, it is noted that Dual -RSA improved the performance of RSA in terms of computation cost and memory storage requirements. It achieves parallelism. The CRT Decryption is achieved roughly ? times faster than original RSA. Figure 10 : Secured communication of Hybrid Protocol 102 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol 6. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"An attack on the last two rounds of MD4†, Advances in Cryptology, Crypto ? 05, pages 194-203, Springer-Verlag, 2005. B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"Collisions for the compression function of MD5†, Advances in Cryptology, Eurocrypt „07, pages 293-304, Springer-Verlag, 2007. D. Bleichenbacher and A. May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small CRTexponent in Pub lic Key Cryptography†, PKC 2006, volume 3968 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 1 –13. Springer-Verlag, 2006. D. Bleichenbacher and A. May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small secret CRT -exponents,† in Public Key Cryptology—PKC 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3958, pp. 1–13. D. Boneh and G. Durfee, â€Å"Cryptanalysis of RSA with private key d less than N ,† IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1339–1349, Jul. 2000. E. Jochemsz and A. May, â€Å"A polynomial time attack on standard RSA with private CRT -exponents†, 2007. Hung-Min Sun, and et al. , â€Å"Dual RSA and its Security Analysis†, IEEE Tra nsaction on Information Theory,Aug 2007, pp 2922 – 2933,2007 [8] H. -M. Sun, M. J. Hinek, and M. -E. Wu, On the design of Rebalanced-RSA, revised version of [37] Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research, Technical Report CACR 2005 -35, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www. cacr. math. uwaterloo. ca/techreports/2005/cacr2005 -35. pdf [9] H. Dobbertin, â€Å"The Status of MD5 after a Recent Attack†, CryptoBytes, 2(2): 1-6, 2007. [10] M. J. Hinek, â€Å"Another look at small RSA exponents,† in Topics in Cryptology-CT-RSA 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, D. Pointcheval, Ed. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3860, pp. 82 –98. [11] N. Gura, A. Patel, A. Wander, H. Eberle, and S. C. Shantz, â€Å"Comparing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs†. Proceedings of Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 2004), 6th International Workshop, pages 119 –132, 2004. [12] Ravindra Kumar Chahar and et. al. , â€Å" Design of a new Security Protocol†, IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, pp 132 – 134, 2007 [13] Ramaraj, E and Karthikeyan, S, â€Å" A Design of Enhanced Security Protocol for Wireless Communication using Hybrid Encryption Technique, Indian Journal of Computing Technology, pp 22 -29, May, 2006. 14] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA†, 2005. Updated ACISP 2005. version of [15] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA,† in Proc. Inf. Security and Privacy, 10th Australasian Conf. , ACISP 2005, C. Boyd and J. M. G. Nieto, Eds. , 2005, vol. 3574, pp. 280 â₠¬â€œ 292, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. BIOGRAPHY Dr. S Subasree got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she done her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1995 and M. hil from Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univeristy in 2001. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2006 and 2009 respectively. She got 13 years teaching experience. Now she will be serving as a Senior Assistant Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 15 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her research area includes Network Security, High Performance Soft Computing Techniques, Communication Network, and B iometric Cryptography. Dr. N K Sakthivel got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she one her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1994 and M. phil from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 2000. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2004 and 2009 respectively. She got 15 years teaching experience. Now She will be serving as a Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 18 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her research area includes High Speed Communication Networks, Network Security, High Performance Computing, and Biometric Cryptography. 103 How to cite Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography, Essay examples

Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Quality Management

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Social Responsibility and Sustainabilityfor Quality Management. Answer: Introduction In the business world, the main duty of corporations based on history is making money and increasing the shareholders value. Thus, in corporate financial responsibility there exist a certain main concern main impetus. Notwithstanding, over the previous years a development characterizing more extensive corporate obligation as to environment, nearby groups and working conditions, and for moral practices which have assembled energy and grabbed hold (Jeffrey, 2013). Thus, this new main impetus is what is referred to by numerous as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). On occasion, CSR is depicted as corporate triple primary concern where there is the totality of partnerships money related, social and the ecological execution in conduction of business. As a business part it tends to expand interests in corporate social obligation in three scene (1) the commercial center (2) working environment and (3) the group (Balmer, 2009). Before clarifying the criticalness of CSR in business support ability utilizing speculations, maybe it is noteworthy to at any rate attempt and give a compelling meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Since there exist no inclusive definition that portrays corporate social duty, it for the most part has a tendency to allude to the straightforward business acts that are based on moral esteem, consistence with the right legitimate authorizations and in addition the regard of individuals, groups and environment. Henceforth, past the part of making benefits firms have a tendency to be capable in totality of affecting individuals and the planet on the loose. Individuals are the business partners which incorporates workers, business accomplices, clients, providers, financial specialists, sellers, government and the group (Frey, 2012). It's undeniably that partner are nearly anticipating that organizations should be more ecological and socially mindful with respect to conduction of business. In this manner, CSR as on the other hand alluded by corporate citizenship is basically this implies that organizations ought to be great neighbors with the host community. Globally, almost all corporate policies/reports/ websites talk about the endeavor of CSR, which could be regarded as a way ensuring organizations fulfill their obligations towards the society, hence its eligible for license of operations. Thus, it tends to ensure that businesses grow on sustainable basis. There also exist social pressures with respect to the social issues such as human and environmental rights in regards to corporations and CSR is widely known to be the response of corporations to this pressure. CSR core business is mainly to appropriate the role of business overlaps which is almost complete with reference area and now firms have waked up to identify the need of CSR, since business in society is no longer focused on wealth creation alone but also acting responsible towards the stakeholders (Metaxas Tsavdaridou, 2010). Based on this effective discussion, perhaps it would be significant to at least try and discuss the significance or benefits of CSR in an organization setting based on theories. Thus, our first theory of discussion is the stakeholders theory. The hypothesis which has been portrayed by Freeman, is the ideal representation of corporate social responsibility. As opposed to starting with a business and watching out into the world to see what moral commitments are there, embellishment theory starts on the planet. It records and layouts those individuals and social affairs will's character influenced by (or influence) the connection's exercises and asks, "What are their good 'ol fashioned proclaims on the business?" "What rights do they have with respect to the alliance's exercises?" and "What kind of responsibilities and commitments would they be able to sensibly constrain on a particular business?" (Breitbarth, 2015)In a singular sentence, embellishment theory affirms that those whose lives are touched by an endeavor hold favorable position and obligation to share in supervising it. Therefore, based on the theory there is the salutation of keeping social commitment front of mind urges associations to act ethically and to consider the social and natural impacts of their business. Consequently, this tends to emphatically affect the group. In doing this, affiliations can keep up a key separation from or ease unfavorable impacts of their business on the gathering (Wang, 2014). Every so often, affiliations will find ways to deal with take-off changes in their organizations or regard chain that truly passes on advantages for the gathering, where they once didn't. To effectively explain this a good example is the Lafarge Group as clarified above where the gathering has made a positive effect in the lives of individuals from the nearby group living inside that biological community. Secondly, we have integrative social contract theory whose aim is mostly to cement the business and society. The main argument behind the development of the theory is that business and society relationships form the social contract tradition, which is known to be philosophical thought of locke. Locke assumption is that there exist implicit social contracts between organization and society. Hence, the social contracts tend to imply indirect obligations towards the business society, leading to risk minimization (Hazlett et al, 2007). For effective explanation, take the example of 2002, BP who started building up the unfathomable Tangguh gas field, in Indonesia. The district was flooding with social issues: political separatism, arrive address, human-rights abuse, and customary pollution. Progression required the advancement of one town to two new resettlement objectives. A self-administering guiding blockade was set to hear gather concerns, empower wrangle about, separate BP's exercises, and report its disclosures clearly and absolutelyall without impact from BP. That gave the load up's reports credibility and gave the association's power a much more critical understanding of the issues than would have been possible if the examination had been left to executives compensated for lost time in the wander's specific challenges. BP's approach may appear to be costly and even risky, yet it is basic, and far less expensive than misconception social issues, committing errors, and being driven out by nearby resistance, go vernment pronouncement, or worldwide weight (Golob, 2013). To act in obliviousness is to go out on a limb. In conclusion, for organizations to realize the benefits brought about by CSR, there should be growth trends and exemplifying needs for CSR definition as well as frameworks which support global consensus. Hence, this helps explain and appreciate CSR as a topic as well as appreciating it. References Golob, U., International CSR Communication Conference. (2013).Facets of CSR communication: Papers from the First International CSR Communication Conference. Bradford: Emerald. Frey, M. (2012).Exploring the link between CSR and competitiveness: [... selection of papers ... presented at the international conference organised in Pisa in April 2010]. Gene?ve, Inderscience Enterprises. Jeffrey, C. (2013).Research on professional responsibility and ethics in accounting. Vol. 17 Vol. 17. Bingley, U.K., Emerald. Balmer, J. M. T. (2009).Explicating Corporate Identity. Bradford, Emerald Group Pub. Breitbarth, T. (2015).Corporate governance: the of international business in journal society : governance and CSR management in sport. Wang, S. (2014).Chinese strategic decision-making on CSR. Hazlett, S.-A., Mcadam, R., Sohal, A. (2007).Quality management and CSR. [Bradford, England], Emerald. Metaxas, T., Tsavdaridou, M. (2010). Corporate social responsibility in Europe: Denmark, Hungary and Greece.Journal of Contemporary European Studies.18,

Relationship between budget deficits and tax cutting

Table of Contents Introduction Current situation on budget deficits The problem Economic explanation of the problem and reasons Economic explanation of the solution Conclusion Works Cited Introduction A budget deficit comes about when the government’s spending exceeds government revenue. That is, income from taxes and other sources are not adequate to meet the expenditure. In most cases, budget deficit calls for either external or internal borrowing or increase of taxes. On the other hand, tax cuts refer to reduction in the rate of taxes. Tax cuts impact the economy by reducing the real income of the government while increasing the real income of the taxpayers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Relationship between budget deficits and tax cutting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Current situation on budget deficits In the United States, the famous Bush Tax Cuts were introduced in 2001 and 2003. Thes e cuts were supposed to expire in 2010 but President Obama agreed to extend them to the next two years up to 2012. His reasons behind tax cutting were to encourage investors and enhance creation of employment. Within the first four years of the tax cut, revenues had gone down by around $474 billion with the overall decrease being $2.4 trillion to date (CBO 18). President Obama has also assented tax-cutting laws, including the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (AARA) and the Recovery Act, which is worth $243 billion by the year 2012. These are meant to benefit each American household and reduce family’s income tax payments by $800. The December 2010 taxes deal â€Å"Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, is said to cost $400 billion† (CBO 20). All these cuts put together, are going to amount to $654 billion in 2011 and 2012. The difference between Obama’s tax cuts and Bush’s is that, Obama mostly targeted the middle class and even distribution of wealth, while bush was skewed to the few rich. Secondly, Obama’s tax cuts are temporary and most likely to expire next year. The problem In august 2011, the monthly deficit was $44 higher than the amount recorded last year the same time. In total, the government spent $303 billion and gathered $169 billion. The deficit skyrocketed to $1.41 trillion in the 2009 financial year. According to the 2012 budget of the United States federal government issued on February 14, 2011, by President Obama, the total expenditure is going to be $2.627 while the total revenue collected will amount to an estimated $3.729 trillion. This implies that there is an estimated $1.101 trillion budget deficit in 2012 (CBO 115). As indicated by statistics in the current situation, tax cuts have led to a reduction in government revenue, whether permanent or temporary. Some economists argue that the tax cuts initiated by Bush were meant to benefit the high-income hous eholds by far. He allegedly gave tax cuts to the rich along with tax breaks, although others claim that the benefits extended to both the middle and lower income earners.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The10 year’s tax cut decreased the revenues because they led to the rich paying fewer taxes, yet they should make the biggest contributions to government revenue. The tax cuts did not benefit middle and low class, and thus provision for services called for greater spending. Bush did not look at the long-term effects of the tax cut. Some look at it as a case where the tax cuts could not â€Å"pay for themselves.† Although, the policy could have worked in the first quarters, in the overall, it left the economy with 9.1% unemployment and fall in revenues. Economic explanation of the problem and reasons When Bush came up with the tax cuts in 2001 and 2003, perh aps he was being influenced by supply-side economics. According to supply-side economics, tax reductions can be used to stimulate investments and create employment. However, this effect cannot be achieved without balancing the decrease in revenue and reduction in government spending. This is because a tax cut leads to a fall in real income for the government, but a rise in real income to those whose tax has been cut. When investors experience increased real incomes, they lead to increase in investments, and thus creating more jobs. If the real income of consumers increase, they are more likely to spend and thus stimulate small and medium enterprises and the economy in general. However, this economic phenomenon is determined by behavior of taxpayers (business or consumers) (CBO 35). If this concept does not work, then investments and growth expected will not materialize. If the government accommodates tax cuts, it must initiate measures to reduce government services and spending in g eneral and enhance its capacity to redistribute wealth to avoid income inequalities. Tax cuts cause budget deficit when governments spending does not reduce to compensate the effect of lost revenue. They also cause deficit if the tax cut benefits the upper class wealth owners and thus real incomes of consumers do not increase to stimulate investments leading to employment and growth of output. This leads to increased spending on unemployment benefits, heath care, and Medicaid, therefore leading to deficits. Additionally, implementation of tax cut should be as progressive as possible to ensure that tax savings do not go to rich investors or executives who might not use it to create employment. Economic explanation of the solution To address budget deficit, various fiscal methods can be adopted. First, the government can raise taxes to increase their revenues to match their expenditure. Secondly, the government can reduce its public spending especially on capital projects that do not have short-term effect on economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Relationship between budget deficits and tax cutting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government can as well reduce expenditure on services like freezing non-defense optional spending, capping subsidies for instance in some sectors like farming, reducing Medicaid rate by around 5%, substituting Medicare drug benefit with drug card, and sinking entitlement on spending by 2 or 3 percent through target of fraud, waste, and exploitation(CBO 135). The worst available option is to borrow, because the interest rates get sour in deficits. In addition, this further accumulates public debt hence possibility of the economy falling. Increasing taxes is the most appropriate way to curb budget deficit due to its ability to increase government’s income and at the same time reduce income inequalities. Income inequalities hinder many econo mic tools that are used to run the economy, both fiscal and monetary. When an equitable tax system is used, it achieves both the objectives of increasing investments, employment, and output. The raise in taxes should be realistic to avoid scaring off investors or disadvantaging a section of the society especially low-income earners who influence government spending. The best solution is to have a mixture of both increase in taxes and reduced government expenditure. Conclusion Tax cuts undoubtedly affect budget deficit in a big way especially due to revenue. If tax cuts are meant to stimulate growth, the government should majorly focus on the behavior of the taxpayer and economic climate like inflation, otherwise it could lead to large deficits. The government should target a certain group of the public that is more likely to compensate revenue lost in form of taxes. It is also important to avoid or carefully examine long-term effects of tax cuts. To get a solution to budget deficits , it is important to instill a mix of reducing government expenditure and equitable rise in taxes. Works Cited Congress of the United States: Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Reducing the deficit: spending and revenue options. 2011- September 30, 2011. https://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/120xx/doc12085/03-10%20ReducingTheDeficit.pdfAdvertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This assessment on Relationship between budget deficits and tax cutting was written and submitted by user Axel Mcguire to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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